Essay --

pH is generally alluded to try out or discover the proportion of a convergence of hydrogen particles. pH is utilized to quantify whether the arrangement on the off chance that it is a base or a corrosive. The term pH represents intensity of hydrogen. For the most part there is a scale for estimating pH, Solution with a 7 or underneath is think about an acidic arrangement, yet a pH more prominent than 7 is think about a base arrangement, and 7 is an impartial arrangement. The pH scale is a lot of arrangement gauges whose pH is built up by the global framework. The vast majority of the occasions pH can be estimated through fixation cells which measure the contrasts between hydrogen anodes. Finding the pH for arrangement should be possible in different manners, for example, a pH meter or glass terminal. White vinegar can likewise be a type of liquid formed for the most part including acidic p notwithstanding drinking water. The genuine acidic p will be made as a result of the maturation including liquor just by acidic p germs. White vinegar will be right now fundamentally used as a change including express component, in spite of the fact that previously, by virtue of this principally essentially available fragile p, it procured an impressive model of assembling, wellbeing related, notwithstanding family utilizes, determination of that area unit even now supported nowadays. Private company white vinegar will be made conceivably essentially by fast just as moderate aging capacities. When all is said in done, slow ways that they area unit in blend with old vinegars notwithstanding aging issue step by step over weeks or potentially a season. The real expanded aging sum grants for your development of the nontoxic ooze comprised of acidic p germs. fast ways that they include mother includ ing white vinegar the accessibility liquid not long before including environment using an en... ...inging about hyperbolic spillover. That spillover drinking water makes this succeeding mix extra acidic. As to percent the corrosiveness inside the air tumbles to earth through dry store. A few sorts can acknowledge acidic waters more than others. dirtying of the earth impacts numerous species at last effects extra through the whole natural wonder joined with non-oceanic sorts like parrots. The punishments of exhaust cloud, consolidated along with various natural stressors, leave trees notwithstanding plants unripe to have the option to go up against to have the option to cold conditions, creepy crawlies, notwithstanding ailment. The poisons could on that hinder trees capacity to raise. Some dirt square measure higher equipped for kill acids than others. In zones the recognize that the dirt gushing ability will be low, this hurtful results of exhaust cloud square measure bounty included.

ASSIGNMENT 2 CRIMINOLOGY REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Task 2 CRIMINOLOGY REPORT - Essay Example 22). From that point forward, crime percentages have been reduced in England and Wales. As indicated by the Crime in England and Wales 2003/2004 yearly report, rough violations contained 23% of all BCS wrongdoings and 19% of police-recorded wrongdoing (Dodd et al, 2004, p. 11). The British Crime Survey (BCS) evaluated 2,708,000 rough occurrences happened against grown-ups in England and Wales (Dodd et al 2004, p. 67), which, generally speaking, is a decline of 36% in wrongdoing since 1995 (p. 67). Be that as it may, in 2004 BCS report likewise noticed that rough wrongdoing has settled (p. 67)). The police recorded 1,109,017 brutal occurrences, which is a 12% expansion since 2002/2003, incompletely ascribed to the execution of the NCRS (p. 67), increments in the detailing of wrongdoing by the overall population, increments in police action, and enhancements in recording wrongdoing (p. 69) For in excess of a fourth of a century, from 1969 to 1996, robbery and burglary accounted reliably for about portion of every recordable offense in England and Wales. The pinnacle was reached in 1992 when they made up 52 percent of recorded wrongdoing. By 2004-5 the four sorts of burglary accounted all in all 30% of all wrongdoing, as indicated by British Crime Survey report (Home Office 2007). During the timeframe under examination, there was a consistent increment in thefts with two pinnacles followed by sharp decays happening in 1996 and 2001-02, the last of which might be somewhat credited to the implantation of the NCRS. 90% of the burglaries were of individual property, while the equalization was thefts of organizations (Dodd et al., 2004, p. 79). The BCS likewise recorded increments in the theft rates among 1981 and its 2003-04 meetings, with a top in 1999. Following this pinnacle, rates declined fundamentally (- 32%). In the Crime in England and Wales 2003-04 report, the end was that for this timeframe, theft numbers were too low to even think about providing dependable appraisals, in spite of the fact that

What Is a Contact High

What Is a Contact High Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print The Contact High of Drug Users By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 02, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on December 02, 2019 Fuse / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery A contact high is an experience of sensing or perceiving drug effects when in the company of someone who has actually taken drugs, without having taken the drug yourself.?? For example, an experienced acid (LSD) user who is spending recreational time with someone who is tripping on LSD may start to feel as if they, too, are under the influence of LSD. They may start to have bizarre thoughts, to experience mild pseudo-hallucinations, and to find everyday situations hilariously funny. Equally, they may share feelings of fear, anxiety, or panic that are being expressed by the other person. A contact high can also happen when someone has taken a placebo, or a substance containing no psychoactive ingredients?? â€" a common money-making drug dealers trick â€" believing that they have taken a real drug when they are around others who really have taken the drug. It may also relate to set and setting, which has a profound impact on users experience of drugs, and even the intensity of the drug effect. The term is sometimes loosely used to refer to the effects of secondhand marijuana smoke.?? Is a Contact High a Real Phenomenon? Unlike the related phenomenon of expectancy effect, in which people experience drug effects when expecting them â€" either through taking a placebo or dummy drug or through taking a real drug?? â€" contact highs are not well researched in the drug abuse field. The difference between an expectancy effect and a contact high is that with a contact high, the person experiencing it need not think that they have actually taken the drug to experience its effects. In contrast, the phenomenon of the contact high is well known within the drug user community â€" and many drug users avoid or seek out other users specifically to avoid or to induce a contact high. Within the rave culture, for example, a sub-set of ex-drug users and non-users choose not to use drugs but enjoy the feelings of stimulation and excitement they feel around others who are on stimulating drugs such as ?ecstasy and meth. A contact high doesnt even require direct contact with the person who has taken drugs. In his review of the book, Tripping: An Anthology of True-Life Psychedelic Adventures, Spalding Gray wrote: I couldnt stop dipping in and out of this juicy book, flying from New York to Detroit. At times, it felt like just reading it was keeping the plane up. Wow! What a contact high.?? As intoxication effects are subjective, meaning they are inner experiences that vary from person to person,?? it is hard to know whether people who describe having a contact high are really having any perceptual changes, or whether they are simply picking up and mirroring the mood of the person who is intoxicated. While this is certainly a significant part of what is described by a contact high, some people who have used the substance before may be triggered to experience a flashback, and may actually have some perceptual changes.?? More research is needed to establish exactly what a contact high is, but the benefit is that generally they are described positively, without the associated costs and risks of really being intoxicated.

Censorship, A World Without Secrets By Peter Singer

Surveilling the Government Privacy is defined by Dictionary.com as â€Å"freedom from damaging publicity, public scrutiny, secret surveillance, or unauthorized disclosure of one’s personal data or information†. This is something that most people value extremely highly. From everyday civilians to government officials, everybody wants some level of privacy. Many say surveillance technology denies them the right to privacy that they are given at birth as American citizens. However, there should be a small amount of wiggle room when it comes to this technology, in order to protect the country and its people. In â€Å"Visible Man: Ethics in a World without Secrets†, Peter Singer gives us an insight into privacy in the government. He discusses the†¦show more content†¦This type of information could help prevent another 9/11 or ISIS attack. Any knowledge that could protect the country is something that everyone should know, in order to be fully aware and prepa red for all possible outcomes. A major source for this kind of knowledge is WikiLeaks. Through this site, civilians are made conscious of information that could affect their lives in numerous ways. Over the years, it has posted countless tips on government activity, spanning more topics than are imaginable. According to Singer’s article, WikiLeaks â€Å"has released more classified documents that the rest of the world’s media combined, to keep tabs on government and corporations† (463). Thanks to all of these documents, there is so much more information available to the public than there would be without WikiLeaks. With all of this information, citizens are made able to take necessary precautions in order to ensure their safety. It also ensures that government and corporation officials are going to take their own precautions in order to save face. They are made less careless in knowing that anything they do can be leaked at any time. When making decisions, wheth er they are vital or inconsequential, they are aware that their thoughts could go public. This knowledge plays the little angel on their shoulder and keeps them mindful of everything they do, likely causing them to beShow MoreRelatedCensorship, A World Without Secrets By Peter Singer985 Words   |  4 Pages Privacy is defined by Dictionary.com as â€Å"freedom from damaging publicity, public scrutiny, secret surveillance, or unauthorized disclosure of one’s personal data or information†. This is something that most people value extremely highly. From everyday civilians to government officials, everybody wants some level of privacy. Many say surveillance technology denies them the right to privacy that they are given at birth as American citizens. However, there should be a small amount of wiggle room whenRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 PagesThe Censorship of Art While the censorship of art is not a new phenomenon, recent years have witnessed renewed and intensified attempts to control popular culture. In particular, rap and rock music have come under increasing attack from various sides representing the entire left and right political spectrum, purportedly for their explicit sexual and violent lyrical contents. In this paper is investigated which moral codes underlie these claims against popular music, how social movements mobilizeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesLinda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. 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Presentation Barack Obama “Dreams from My Father” Free Essays

Barack Obama – â€Å"Dreams From My Father-A Story of Race and Heritance† Today I want to introduce you United States President Barack Obama’s first memoir, dreams from my father. It was first published in July 1995 as he was preparing to launch his political career and republished in August 2004. Author: Since my book is an autobiography I won’t tell you everything about the author, I just will give some personal facts about him. We will write a custom essay sample on Presentation: Barack Obama â€Å"Dreams from My Father† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama Senior and Ann Dunham. In 1991, Obama graduated from Harvard Law School. While in law school he worked as a co-worker at the law firms of Sidley Austin where he met his wife, Michelle, whom he married in 1992. Barack and Michelle Obama have two daughters: Malia Ann and Natasha, known as Sasha. On November 4 2008, Obama won the presidency of the United States. The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. On October 8 of last year, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Characters: Paternal Family The Obamas are members of the Luo, Kenya’s third-largest ethnic group. Hussein Onyango Obama Barack Obama’s paternal grandfather †¢Habiba Akumu Obama Barack Obama’s paternal grandmother and the second wife of Hussein Onyango Obama †¢Barack Hussein Obama Senior He is the father of Barack Obama. Visited his son only for one single time. In his memoir, Barack calls him the Old Man. †¢ Kezia †¢Jane Her sister, Jane, is the ‘Auntie Jane’ mentioned at the very start of Dreams from My Father when she telephoned President Obama to inform him that his father had been killed in a car accident. †¢Ruth Ndesandjo Born Ruth Nidesand, in US, Barack Obama Sr. ‘s third wife Maternal Family †¢Ann Dunham Mother of Barack Obama. His mother is open minded, idealistic, naive in one sense, world-wise in another. †¢Stanley Dunham is the grandfather of Barack Obama. Stanley and his wife Madelyn raised Obama in Honolulu, Hawaii. His grandparents love him unconditionally. He learns his grandfather’s strengths and weaknesses, but never really comes to see him as the father figure he’s seeking. †¢Madelyn Lee Payne Dunham Barack Obama’s maternal grandmother. †¢Lolo Soetoro Stepfather of Barack Obama, born in Indonesia, Obama speaks fondly of his step-father, and learns several life lessons from him, but unfortunately his mother’s relationship with his step-father doesn’t last. Plot: 1. Origins 2. Chicago 3. Kenya Epilogue Barack Obama, the current narrates a heart-rending story about his personal implications; tribulations in the American society, and his father’s roots. Ad 1. The story opens up in New York, where he hears that his father—a figure he knows more as a myth than as a man—has died in a car accident. Two years later after Baby Obama was born, his father won a scholarship to continue with studies at Harvard University. And so, Obama Senior left Hawaii, went to Harvard, separated from his small family and, was divorced by Ann. He completed his studies and returned to Kenya to take up a senior job at the department of national planning. Baby Obama never saw him until much later. As a young boy, his mother marries a man from Indonesia and they go to live there. His mother sends him back to Hawaii to live with his grandparents so he can attend a prestigious Hawaiian school, as one of only three black students there. Obama has one encounter with his father when he’s ten in Hawaii. Obama is a little adored, a little overwhelmed by his father’s visit. Nevertheless his father doesn’t stay very long and leaves Obama with more questions than answers. Ad 2. Propelled by a desire to understand both the forces that shaped him and his father’s legacy, the book then moves on to moves to Chicago where he works as a community organizer. It’s challenging work that is rarely rewarding, but Obama gives it his all. Then a relative from Kenya, his aunt Jane, calls to tell him his father has died, but Obama’s not quite sure how to feel about that or how to react. Several weeks later, his Kenyan half-sister, Auma, makes contact with him. Auma gives him a sneak peek into his father’s life in Kenya. Obama is fascinated by the life Auma leads and wants to learn more about their father. Before he leaves community organizing to go to Harvard Law School, he makes arrangements to visit Auma in Kenya and TO TRACE THE ROOTS OF HIS FATHER. Ad 3. In Kenya, Obama discovers a family he didn’t even know. His father had at least four wives, and Obama has a slew of brothers and sisters who are living in their father’s shadow. Obama and Auma visit with one their grandfather’s wives, â€Å"Granny. † She tells Obama’s father story to him. The story: Because Onyango wanted his son to be provided as best as possible as for opening up a good future, his father received a scholarship in economics through a special program which offered Western educational opportunities to outstanding Kenyan students. Following Obama Sr. enrolled at the University of Hawaii where Obama Sr. married Ann Dunham, though she would not find out that her new husband was already married to a pregnant wife until much later. Ann quit her studies to care for the baby, while Obama Sr. completed his degree, leaving shortly thereafter to study at Harvard University. While studying at Harvard, Obama Sr. met an American-born teacher named Ruth who he married after divorcing from Barack’s mother. After a while Obama Sr. published a paper entitled â€Å"Problems Facing Our Socialism† harshly criticizing the concept for national planning. This conflict with President Kenyatta destroyed his career. Following he was fired from his job, was blacklisted in Kenya, and began to drink. He had a serious car accident, spent almost a year in the hospital, and by the time he visited his son in Hawaii, when Barack was ten years old. Obama Sr. ‘s life fell into drinking and poverty, from which he never recovered. Obama Sr. later lost both legs in another automobile collision, and subsequently lost his job. He died at the age of 46, in a third car crash in Nairobi. From then on, Obama realized that the man he thought to be a failure was in fact a hero in his village. His father was the first person to have gone to the US University from his village. Then, Obama forgave his father and decided to change his life basing on his father’s dreams. Themes: †¢Racism Throughout the whole book the main character is faced with Racism. From early childhood he had to struggle with students that teased him when he was playing with one of the three black kids. Even in Kenya, when he and some of his family members are at a restaurant, the waitress who is black, ignores their orders and doesn’t serve them after she has seen European tourists who are white. †¢Search for community As a young adult, Obama set off in search of community and purpose, with the reat role models of the civil rights movement. The glory days of the civil rights movement were long gone when Obama gets an organizing job in a poor neighborhood on Chicago’s South Side plagued by crumbling public housing, disappearing manufacturing jobs, and rising crime. The group’s founder is a Jewish man who is not fully trusted by the community. At the same time Obama makes personal connections. He becomes close with the three middle-aged African-American women who are core to the organization, and develops a friendship with an eccentric, pot-smoking Catholic organizer. He looks out for Kyle, the teenage son of a volunteer who is in danger of getting into trouble. One of the most moving bits in the book where Obama tells the group he is headed off to Harvard Law School, and promises his friends in the neighborhood that he’ll be back. †¢Search for family and identity Feeling out of place in high school, Obama gravitates toward the black kids and works to embrace an African-American culture that matches others’ expectations of his appearance, but is different from his upbringing and background. A trip to Kenya before law school is an opportunity for discovery. Obama grew up with an idealized vision of his father, which both intimidated and inspired him. As he gets to know his African family, he finds out that his father’s life was more complex and less perfect than the idealized image. In Kenya, Barack Junior finds a family that is loving, close, and welcoming but surrounded by problems — feuds, alcoholism, and poverty. The stories that Obama hears on his trip make things more complicated, not simpler. The stories provide context for the personality flaws, passions, that which are more meaningful, more admirable, and more forgivable, than a shallow but false idealized image. The Limits of â€Å"Organizing† After a series of infamous defeats, the persistence, skill and empathy of Obama’s group begins to pay off. They organize cleanup for the housing project, job training for the neighborhood, mentoring for school kids. But in the end, during a public forum where the neighborhood people demand basic maintenance fo r public housing projects, the bureaucrats explain that the Housing Authority budget allows a asbestos removal, or basic repairs, but not both. So as you can see, one small person can’t change everything without reaching some limits. How to cite Presentation: Barack Obama â€Å"Dreams from My Father†, Essay examples

What outrages you free essay sample

What outrages you? What are you doing about it? 1000 characters l dont know, one of the most common phrases which is a limit we place on ourselves. We accept our lack of knowledge and prevent further thought. A limit Is defined as something that bounds or confines. Nothing drives me crazier than watching this. Accepting a limit creates a comfort zone that does not allow for Improvement. Through coaching and tutoring I am able to help others challenge themselves. Coaching, I was introduced to girls who TLD push their limits. These girls TLD reach out to teammates and accepted loss. I explained to them, that they always needed to give all their effort. The following game was their only win all season. Tutoring my peers, I hear I dont know at least 10 times a day. I challenge anyone I tutor to go the whole time without saying this phrase. We will write a custom essay sample on What outrages you or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without this phrase, they think much more about the question, whatever It may be and thus, progress their knowledge. By challenging our Limits, we allow for growth and ultimately achieve greatness. On my school varsity team, we faced a very similar challenge. It was the regional quarter-finals of my senior year, possibly the last match Id ever play with my team. We were down 21-10 and all hope seemed lost. I went back to serve with the intention of pushing past what I thought were my limits and getting every single ball up. This attitude quickly spread throughout the entire court, to the bench, and all the ay through the stands.It seemed as if we were a new team in a new game that had never lost. Like the girls Id coached, we came back and won that night which allowed our season to continue. One small amount of determination to push past easily accepted limits can completely change the outcome. I have tutored a friend, and the one thing I will not allow him to say is l cant do it because in saying this, you accept your failure at something and are thus unwilling to try until it is achieved.

Image Optimization in WordPress - 6 Tips to Speed Up Your Site

No matter how optimized your website is, images will always be one of the slowest-loading elements on the page. If you want to speed up WordPress to the max, you need to implement a strategy that targets images specifically – otherwise known as image optimization in WordPress.Todays post shares six quick tips for optimizing image by reducing file size – all in the name of speed. If you want a lightning quick WordPress website, read on!Image optimization in WordPress tip #1: choose the right file typeWhen using Photoshop and other image editing software, you can specify the file type you want to save as. The overwhelming majority of online images fall under two file formats – JPEG and PNG.So which one should you use? Well, that depends. Both options have advantages and disadvantages, and the choice largely depends on the scenario.JPEG – JPEG is the best option for photographs and other images displaying a huge variety of colors. They can also be compressed, sacrificing quality for a reduction in file size.PNG – PNGs win for graphics, drawings, text, and some screenshots. They also support transparency, unlike JPEGs. This format uses lossless compression, which results in higher quality but also bigger files.Usually, the file format is determined by the type of image we are working with, as outlined above. However, what is the consequence of choosing the wrong file format, in terms of file size?Well, lets take a look at a few scenarios to test this.This full-size screenshot of my WordPress dashboard was 150kb in PNG format, but 259kb as a JPEG. Remember, screenshots are usually the domain of the PNG – the JPEG is around 75% more bulky.(Editors note. PNGs do a great job for most screenshots, but just not all of them. If you have a screenshot of something that uses more than a handful of colors i.e. when your screenshot contains a photograph somewhere in it youre still better off with JPG.)However, the full-size version o f this photo I took on holiday returns the opposite results. The photo in JPEG format is 1.26mb; the PNG a whopping 7.23mb. That means the PNG is over 550% bigger (yikes!).This demonstrates how important the right file format is to the size of your images. If pressed, stick to the following rule: Photos and stuff with multiple colors, JPEG; everything else, PNG.2. Resize imagesWhen you shrink the dimensions of an image, you reduce its file size. Without exception.To keep your site light and nimble, make sure you reduce the images physical size as much as you can – typically, to the dimensions you want to display your images at. If the maximum width of your website is, say, 1000 pixels, theres no excuse for uploading an image thats wider than 1000 pixels. Larger-than-necessary dimensions guarantee that the image is carrying unnecessary bulk, and thus making it harder for you to properly do image optimization in WordPress.Even though the WordPress thumbnail feature can display images at smaller sizes, that doesnt change the underlying file size of the image in question. Obviously, an exception can be made for photographers and other artists, who may want to display a thumbnail linking to their full-size, high-res work.Again, allow me to demonstrate the sort of savings you can make.The full-size version of my previous photograph has dimensions of 2592 x 1456 pixels and is 1.26mb. However, lets see how much the file size shrinks when resizing the image to several popular widths.An example of image optimization in WordPress:1200 pixels wide: 394kb1000 pixels wide: 298kb800 pixels wide: 219kb600 pixels wide: 154kbAs you can see, the size savings are truly staggering!To resize the images in a time-saving manner, you can install Optimole on your WordPress site and it will do everything on autopilot. Moreover, it comes with image resizing for optimal display, which means that the images are not loaded in full size, but they get adapted to each users viewport. In other words, Optimole loads the perfect image size no matter what device or screen size youre using.3. Crop imagesResizing images is the quick-and-easy way to reduce file size. It creates an exact replica of your image, but one where everything is smaller.Shrinking an image beyond a certain point means some elements are barely visible. This is especially problematic when the focal point of an image is no longer clear.Cropping is the alternative to resizing. Rather than shrinking the entire image, you are essentially trimming around the edges – like using a pair of scissors on a photograph. The part of the image you are trying to show becomes more prominent, and you cut away all the distractions from the background.Heres a demonstration of how cropping an image can be better than simply resizing it, using a trusty WordPress screenshot.The resized image:The cropped image:Of course, the benefit of cropping is that, just like resizing, it reduces image dimensions, cuts file size , and is therefore a great way of doing image optimization in WordPress.4. Lower image quality (lossy compression)When youve finished cropping and resizing your images, you can enjoy further file size reductions by compressing them. This technique is particularly effective and popular for JPEGs, although PNGs can also be compressed.Now, JPEG supports a type of compression called lossy compression. This means that some of the image data is stripped away to reduce file size.For example, if two adjacent pixels show the tiniest color difference, we can get away with making them the same. The change is barely detectable to the naked eye, but having fewer colors keeps file size low.When saving a JPEG file using an image editing software, youll be asked to select a quality score from 0-100. This is essentially a trade-off between image quality and file size.Higher score: lower compression; higher quality; bigger file size.Lower score: higher compression; lower quality; smaller file size.Ge nerally speaking, small changes in quality score make little difference to the overall quality of your image. In fact, its unlikely that your visitors can tell the difference.To illustrate this, see the two photos below. One has a quality score of 100, one of 80. Which is which?Image optimization in WordPress photograph A:Photograph B:Click here to revealPhotograph B has the quality score of 100.Its hard to tell the difference, right? However, when it comes to file sizes, the difference is night and day: 418kb versus 90kb.You cant keep lowering quality forever, though, as at some point, the drop in quality will show. The image below has a quality score of 20:Sure, it might only be 28kb, but I wouldnt want this on my website, would you?Now, there is no golden rule for the perfect compression level. However, counterintuitively, the more complex the image, the more you can get away with lowering the quality on your way to ultimate image optimization in WordPress.5. Serve images on a CD NEverything online happens in an instant, right? Well no, actually. Geographical distances between a visitors location and your websites server have an impact on site speed – the larger the distance, the longer the wait.To solve this latency problem, consider installing a CDN. CDNs store your website on multiple servers spread across the globe, then connect your visitors to the one geographically closest to them. Latency problems solved, your website is served more quickly.If you want to speed up WordPress, youll be pleased to learn that Optimole plugin ships with its own free CDN – just for images.All you need to do is install and activate Optimole. Voilà   – your images will be displayed in record time.For some more complex and also better CDN solutions please check out our other post.6. Get lazy loadingBy default, the WordPress software treats all images equally. However, this is quite clearly an inefficient use of resources, and especially if you want to do any image optimization in WordPress.After all, an image at the bottom of the page wont be seen until much later than the image at the top of the page – doesnt the first image deserve priority?Prioritizing images is exactly what lazy loading achieves. Images at the top of the page are prioritized, while images below the fold are loaded only when the visitor scrolls down the page. This makes lazy loading the just in time equivalent of web page loading.If you want to use lazy loading to speed up WordPress, Optimole will give you a helping hand again. The cool thing about this plugin is that it offers low-quality image placeholder feature aka the lazy loading of an intermediate low-quality image until the full-size image is displayed entirely.Its completely free, too.Over to youAnd that concludes our rundown of six quick tips that will help you with image optimization in WordPress. As you can see, by combining several of these strategies, you can make big savings to your image s file sizes. Your visitors will love you for this – and your website will load significantly faster!Optimizing your images is actually very simple if youre using a plugin like Optimole, that will do all the work for you automatically (and mostly for free).If you have any image optimization questions, share them in the comments section below!Want to make your website even quicker? Dont forget about our free email course on how to speed up WordPress:Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Quotes to Welcome Your Baby Boy

Quotes to Welcome Your Baby Boy So youre pregnant with a baby boy? Congratulations! The journey from pregnancy to childbirth, although arduous, is filled with untold joys and pleasures.  A baby boy is a unique bundle of joy. If youre expecting a boy, you might find a few tips on how to handle boys in these baby boy quotes: Mark Twain There comes a time in every rightly constructed boys life when he has a raging desire to go somewhere and dig for hidden treasure. Irish Proverb It’s the merry-hearted boys that make the best men. Ralph Waldo Emerson There was a never a child so lovely but his mother was glad to get him to sleep. Paul Walker If you spend any time with a man, you’ll realize that we’re all still little boys. Eric Berne The moment a little boy is concerned with which is a jay and which is a sparrow, he can no longer see the birds or hear them sing. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow A boy’s will is the wind’s will, and the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts. Jenny De Vries A small son can charm himself into, and out of, most things. Charles Dickens A boy’s story is the best that is ever told. Anonymous What are little boys made of? Frogs and snails, And puppy dog tails, Thats what little boys are made of. *** To be in your childs memories tomorrow, be in his life today. Joseph Heller When I grow up I want to be a little boy. Maya Angelou If I have a monument in this world, it is my son. Plato Of all the animals, the boy is the most unmanageable. Alan Marshall Beck Boys are found everywhere- on top of, underneath, inside of, climbing on, swinging from, running around, or jumping to. Mothers love them, little girls hate them, older sisters and brothers tolerate them, adults ignore them, and Heaven protects them. A boy is Truth with dirt on its face, Beauty with a cut on its finger, Wisdom with bubble gum in its hair, and the Hope of the future with a frog in its pocket. A boy is a magical creature- you can lock him out of your workshop, but you cant lock him out of your heart. You can get him out of your study, but you cant get him out of your mind. Might as well give up- he is your captor, your jailer, your  boss  and your master- a freckled-faced, pint-sized, cat-chasing bundle of noise. But when you come home at night with only the shattered pieces of your hopes and dreams, he can mend them like new with two magic words: Hi, Dad! James Thurber Boys are beyond the range of anybodys sure understanding, at least when they are between the ages of 18 months and 90 years. Robert Baden-Powell A boy is naturally full of humor. Christina Aguilera There’s nothing more dangerous than a boy with charm. Johnny Depp Young boys should never be sent to bed; they always wake up another day older. Cyril Connolly Boys do not grow up gradually. They move forward in spurts like the hands of clocks in railway stations.

Which characterization fits best in Zeitoun Essay

Which characterization fits best in Zeitoun - Essay Example On the other hand, there are people who portrayed the heart of humanity and care to both people and animals. Zeitoun is one of those who show endless desire to see that people’s lives are safe and those of animals (Arias et al.). Together with Todd, they ensure they navigate the area helping those in need. Zietoun having distanced himself from his family depicts a sense of care for lives and hard work to ensure the property they had acquired is safe while also making trips around New Orleans helping those trapped with no help. The book, which is non-fictional, and depicts all forms of characters ranging from those who cared for others, regarded as heroes and those whose interest was to take advantage of the situation and loot other people’s properties. Taking advantage of disaster is inhuman and portrays rottenness in a society. Those who engage restlessly in saving other people’s lives represent the few good in the society. During the incident, soldiers get to the city sent to evacuate those trapped during the incident, but some of them engaging in looting contrary to the reason that took them there (Robbie). It depicts the greed among people who care not for others. For example, as Zeitoun paddled across as street to feed the deserted dogs, he sees several armed people looting a Shell gas station but he decides to keep a distance (Arias et al.). The incident reflects two faces of humanity those busy harvesting where they did not sow and those who cares for humankind rolling around the city salvaging whatever he finds. When Kathy leaves Baton Rouge after being unable to stay with the family on worries that her husband may be unsafe, she decides to get to Yuko. In the process worrying of the lawlessness in New Orleans, she calls Claiborne house before the agreed time, she fails to get Zeitoun but speaks to a man with American accent. The issue worries her a lot and suggests that probably Zeitounhad been

Summarize the content of the BBC article titled 'Is language unique to Essay

Summarize the content of the BBC article titled 'Is language unique to humans' - Essay Example What gave rise to language in humans is the need to represent human ‘action’. Beyond this utilitarian purpose, through evolutionary mechanisms language has now developed into a tool for imagination and abstract thought. Several species of whales, monkeys, birds and lizards have been shown to communicate using their language of signals. Yet, this sensory based communication cannot be considered language. A language system is identified through the components of words, logical phrases, complete sentences and a set of grammar rules. While surely parrots can memorize hundreds of words and phrases, they are incapable of making sentences on their own. Likewise the intellectual capacities of higher apes are not sufficient for them to imagine through the use of language. To this extent, language is a uniquely human feature. Our language allows us to write sublime poetry, just as it allows us to write nonsensical (yet grammatically correct)

Principles of Marketing: Bentley Motors

Principles of Marketing: Bentley Motors Marketing strategy with details of the 4 P’s with justification (Bentley Motors): Bentley Motors limited is a British luxury automaker and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen AG. Designing, engineering, manufacturing and distribution of luxury motors are the major activities of Bentley Motors. Bentley Motors was established in the year 1919 by W. O. Bentley. This company was founded in Cricklewood near London. Rolls-Royce Motors had acquired this company in the year 1931 and in the year 1998 this company had purchased by Volkswagen AG. Since then this company has been the wholly owned subsidiary of Volkswagen AG (Stephanie, 2013). The marketing strategy of Bentley Motors had been so formulated that the company sells the models of the automobiles through the franchised dealer all over the world. This company had been producing the motors which are considered to be the luxury motors in the global market. The strategic management of the company makes the company to successfully market the models of the cars all over the world. The marketing strategy of Bentley with the 4Ps is as follow; Products: The luxury automobiles of the company satisfy the needs of the customers. The cars models of 4.5 liters became much popular as the vehicle of choice of the population. The luxury cars of this company are designed as per the needs and the demands of the customers. The racing cars designed by this company are also much popular. The Bentley Continental fastback coupe was designed by this company to cater the domestic demands. These models were manufactured with the compilation of many important standardized components. Standard steel saloon, continental models, S-Series, T-series models are some of the well known and popular models of the company (Georges, 2014). Place: The company sells the cars models through the franchised dealers all over the world. China has been a very good market for this company’s cars. The company tries to enter into many emerging markets scattered across the world. After Rolls Royce had purchased Bentley Motors, the later could compete with other competitive and expensive car producing companies in the international market. Price: The cars of this company are of high quality and thus the prices are higher compared to regular use cars. The company focuses on the satisfaction of the customers and tries to cater best quality racing cars and luxury cars. The company could not compromise with the quality and standard of the motors. The high end cars are designed and engineered with the use of technology. The company targets rich section of the society those who consider the quality of the cars with their prices. Promotion: The company implements ethical marketing strategies compromising of effective marketing tools to market the cars in the international market. Proper advertisements, campaigns, promotional schemes and other promotional schemes are practiced to make the product well known to the customers of the world. The logo of the company is a symbol of status and prestige for the customers (milesperhr, 2012). Briefly discuss about the Integrated Marketing Communion (IMC) to become more competitive: Integrated Marketing Communication or IMC is the tool to understand the marketing communication strategies in the light of innovation and innovative strategies. IMC helps to formulate such strategies which could solve different types of the business issues through the collaboration with the international companies and the rivals in the market. The IMC strategies help the companies to become more competitive in the market and to make them cost effective in the competitive world. The companies could implement the IMC strategies in both the conventional and non conventional marketing media. The companies could implement these strategies in making the promotional methods to make them more effective and efficient towards successful achievement of the organizational goals. There had been several changes in the modes of communicating with the customers. These continuous changes have been possible because of the consistent conduction of the research and development in the field of marketing strategies (bentleymotors, 2014). There had been various positive shifts from the conventional marketing strategies to interactive marketing, from Mass Media to some kinds of Specialized Media, from Low Accountability in marketing to high Accountability in marketing spend, from limited connectivity to persuasive connectedness. These shifts had made the Integrated Marketing Communication so much effective to make the goal of customer orientation possible by the companies. The various components of IMC which are implemented in the marketing strategies of different companies are the following: Organizational culture The mission, vision, goal and objectives together build the organizational culture. Four Cs in Marketing Mix- Consumer, Cost, Convenience, Communication The most important components of the marketing strategies are described here. The consumers are the target segment; cost and convenience decide the price of the products and the distribution channels to be formulated. Finally the communication is the important tool of intimating the customers about the products. Advertising: The advertising includes various media like broadcasting, commercial ads, outdoor advertising, online advertisement which is also gaining much popularity now a days. The companies can put advertisements in different auction sites, social networking sites and classified ads are also there in the newsletters etc. Direct marketing: Another important tool of communicating is direct marketing where the customers could be interacted directly through different channels like direct mails, telemarketing, shopping channels, internet sites, websites, mobile messages, outdoor advertising etc. The seller could come into direct connection with the buyers through direct marketing (Panerai, 2015). E-Commerce: E-Commerce includes Search engine optimization, Mobile marketing, content marketing, social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram etc. The components of E-Commerce are making the marketing more effective and useful. Public Relations: The companies could interact with the target segment through creating an effective public relation strategy. The companies could communicate through special events, interviews, conferences, charity involvement etc. Promotions: There are various promotional tools which are to be implemented by the companies. The promotional schemes include contests, coupons. Product samples, prizes etc (milesperhr, 2012). Corporate volunteering: Now a day the companies are getting engaged in donations, volunteering and many other charitable actions. References: bentleymotors. (2014, August 28). Bentley Looks to the Future with new Skills Programme. Retrieved from bentleymotors: http://www.bentleymotors.com/en/world-of-bentley/our-story/news/2014/bentley-new-skills-programme.html Georges, C. (2014, September 09). In Conversation With Christophe Georges, President CEO, Bentley Motors Inc. Retrieved from luxurysociety: http://luxurysociety.com/articles/2014/09/in-conversation-with-christophe-georges-president-ceo-bentley-motors-inc milesperhr. (2012, March 01). Bentley Motors Campaign Plan. Retrieved from milesperhr: http://www.milesperhr.com/tag/bentley-marketing/ Panerai, F. (2015, February 18). Bentley motors. Retrieved from slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/FiammaPanerai/bentley-motors-art Stephanie, A. (2013, October 02). Bentley company case. Retrieved from slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/aguness/bentley-company-case

Osteology: Estimating Femur Length from the Diameter of the Femoral Shaft

School of Biological & Earth Sciences BIEGN3005 Honours Project March 2010 Student name: Stephen Dempsey Supervisor name: Professor Alan Turner Estimating femur length from the diameter of the femoral shaft Stephen Dempsey BIEGN300 Honours Project Person Number: 343106 Submission Date: 5th March 2010 Abstract Bone lengths can be used to provide stature estimations in case of unidentified skeletal remains, an important tool in forensic and bioarchaelogical cases. Where the bones are broken or fragmented, regression equations can be used to estimate total bone length from its fragments, which in turn can be used to estimate stature.The aim of this study was to test 2 new measurements of the femoral shaft to see if they could be used as predictors of maximum femoral length. The minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter and the minimum anterior-posterior femoral shaft where measured on a small sample of an archaeological population from Poulton, Cheshire, along with the maximum femur len gth for each sample. Simple linear regression analysis was performed and the results showed that the minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter correlated significantly in both males (R2=. 635, p=0. 006) and females (R2=0. 8, p=? 0. 001) with maximum femur length. The minimum anterior-posterior femoral shaft diameter showed no significant correlation with maximum femur length. Subsequently, regression equations were presented for the significant correlations. Further research is needed to validate the results and to improve the accuracy of the method. 1. Introduction The role of a forensic anthropologist in forensic and archaeological cases is to establish demographics (population affinity, age, sex and stature), time since death and cause of death from an individual’s remains (Chibba et al, 2006).The use of stature as a biological characteristic of identity can significantly contribute to the identification of unknown skeletal remains. Numerous areas of the skeleton have been used to try and determine an individual’s living height such as the upper limb bones (Rao et al. 1989), lower limb bones (Trotter and Gleeson, 1952), the metatarsals (Cordiero et al, 2009) and the skull (Ryan and Bidmos, 2007). Hauser et al. (2005) provide a good review of the past research in the area of stature estimation. One of the methods used in the estimation of stature is the formulation of regression equations from measurements of various bone lengths.Pearson (1899) was the first to derive regression equations for estimating stature, and since then it has grown to be the method of choice among most anthropologists. Many of the methods used to approximate stature require complete or near complete bones, so consequently few studies have been done on incomplete or fragmentary bones (Bidmos, 2008). Forensic anthropologists are often confronted with fragmented bones and in these cases it is impossible to derive regression equations directly from bone length (Rao et al. 9 89). Wright and Vasquez (2003) state the problems they faced in Guatemala in which they were often unable to estimate stature from bone length due to the rapid deterioration of bone in the tropical environment. This is only one of many factors that lead to the all too frequent recovery of broken or fragmented remains. Therefore it is beneficial to have equations available for bone length or stature derived from measurements of smaller segments or landmarks on the chosen bone.The femur is the favoured bone of use among anthropologists in estimating stature, due to its high correlation with height in addition to the fact that it is one of bones most often recovered (Simmons et al. 1990). A number of measurements of the femur have already been reported to have good correlations with femur length. Many of these measurements focus on the proximal and distal ends of the femur such as the upper epicondylar length, epicondylar breath, vertical neck diameter and the bicondylar breathe (Braue r, 1988), yet few have focused on measurements of the femoral shaft.This pilot study looks to test the validity of 2 measurements from the femoral shaft as predictors of maximum femoral length. The points of reference chose on the femur are the minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter (TRD) and the minimum anterior-posterior diameter (APD) of the femoral shaft. The samples being used are that of an archaeological population recovered from a medieval cemetery in Poulton, Cheshire. The aim is to use linear regression analysis to test the assumption that there is a significant correlation between these measurements and the maximum femoral length.A further aim is to produce regression equations that can be used on other skeletal remains from the Poulton collection for estimating maximum femur length. 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1 Samples The samples used in this study were obtained from the Poulton collection housed at Liverpool John Morres University. Due to the small size of the coll ection at present and the poor condition of some of the bones, a total number of 18 left sided femora were selected for use in the study. These femora were chosen on the basis of completeness and measurability.All the samples were obtained from adults skeletal remains and the number of male and females femora was 10 and 8 respectively. 2. 2 Measurements The following 3 measurements were taken on each of the 18 samples: i. Maximum length of the femur (MAXL) ii. Minimum anterior-posterior femoral shaft diameter (APD) iii. Minimum transverse femoral shaft diameter (TRD) The MAXL measurement was taken as described by Brauer (1988). The APD and TRD measurements were taken as described by Ziylin and Mursid (2002). The MAXL was measured using an osteometric board.The APD and TRD were measured using a sliding callipers with an accuracy of 0. 1 mm. Linear regression analysis was carried using the SPSS statistic program to see if any correlation existed between the measurements taken of the f emoral shaft (APD and TRD) and the maximum length of the femur. All analysis was carried out separately for males and females on the advice of Trotter and Gleser (1952) who state the specificity of such measurements in relation to sex. 3. Results The descriptive statistics for males and females are shown in Table 1. Males showed the highest mean values of each of the 3 measurements taken.Males also showed the higher standard deviations in respect to MAXL and APD, with females showing a higher standard deviation for TRD. Table 1 Descriptive statistics for measurements of male and female left femora. All descriptive values are given in mm. Measurements| Male| Female| | N| Mean| Std. dev| N| Mean | Std. dev| MAXL| 10| 466. 60| 16. 965| 8| 429. 13| 11. 643| TRD| 10| 27. 910| 1. 365| 8| 24. 725| 1. 752| APD| 10| 28. 190| 2. 497| 8| 27. 138| 1. 840| Table 2 shows the results of the linear regression analysis that was performed. Both APD and TRD were regressed against MAXL according to sex .The analysis showed that the variable APD showed no significant correlation to MAXL for males (R2=0. 154, P=0. 262) or females (R2=0. 044, P=0. 619). TRD provided more positive results showing a moderate significant correlation in respect to males (R2=0. 635, P=0. 006), and a strong significant correlation in respect to females (R2=0. 88, P=0. 01 (Table 2) and the standard error of the estimated being

Book Report †Fault in Our Stars Essay

Meaning of the title: â€Å"The fault, dear Brutus is not in our stars, / But in ourselves, that we are underlings.† was said in Shakespeare’s play ‘Julius Caesar’. Saying that it is not fate that decides our future, but instead our own failings. That you are to blame for the bad thing that happen in your life. But the title ‘The Fault in our Stars’ says that sometimes it’s not our fault; things happen in life, sometimes we can’t control it; there will be problems along the way, and we just have to deal with it. Brief summary: Hazel, an average teenager who thinks she is going to die. She was diagnosed with cancer when she was young, and has trouble with her lungs. She then met a boy called Augustus in the Support Group. Augustus only had one leg because he had had osteosarcoma (A type of bone cancer). Hazel also made another friend called Issac who eventually went blind. Augustus and her shared common interests like the book called‘An Imperial Affliction’. They went on adventures to Amsterdam to visit an author that Hazel idolizes. On their trip, they had some physical relations. However meeting the author wasn’t exactly what Hazel and Augustus had expected. Later on Issac dies, then Augustus’s cancer later returns†¦ Style of Writing: The story is written in Hazel’s point of view – who is the narrator of the story. The writing in this book is easy to follow because it’s written in a conversational way. As if the reader was the protagonist. The book uses a lot of fascinating sentences and phrases to express the feelings and thoughts of Hazel Grace. The author likes using dialogues to tell the story. Character: The characters are quite believable because they are like any type of average teenager. However they have to deal with a small problem in their health affecting a big part of their life. The characters are very realistically portrayed and I think the author did a great job in describing the different characters. Plot: The plot is quite believable as it is not fiction. As readers, we can sometimes relate to the situations or even feel what the characters are feeling throughout the book. There are a lot of plot twists in the novel, so the reader would not know what is about to happen. This gives the story line more suspense and builds tension throughout the scenario. Recommendation: I would recommend this book to young adults, because there is an incredible plot twist in the book which mesmerizes the reader and gives them grief. Making them want to be the protagonist of the story. The characters are about our age, and sometimes us teenagers or young adults can connect to what the characters in the book are going through. This book has a powerful story line which emphasize the life of how two teenagers are fighting cancer, which has inspired and touch the teens heart.

Who Were the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks

The Mensheviks and Bolsheviks were factions within the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They aimed to bring revolution to Russia by following the ideas of socialist theoretician Karl Marx (1818–1883). One group, the Bolsheviks, successfully seized power in the Russian Revolution of 1917, aided by a combination of Lenins cold-hearted drive and the Mensheviks utter stupidity. Origins of the Split In 1898, Russian Marxists had organized the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party; this was illegal in tsarist Russia itself, as were all political parties. A congress was organized but had only nine socialist attendees at most, and these were quickly arrested. In 1903, the Party held a second congress to debate events and actions with just over fifty people. Here, Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) argued for a party composed only of professional revolutionaries, to give the movement a core of experts rather than a mass of amateurs; he was opposed by a faction led by Julius or L. Martov (two pseudonyms of Yuly  Osipovich Tsederbaum 1873–1923) who wanted a model of mass membership like other, western European social-democratic parties. The result was a division between the two camps. Lenin and his supporters gained a majority on the central committee and, even though it was only a temporary majority and his faction was firmly in the minority, they took for themselves the name Bolshevik, meaning ‘Those of the Majority. Their opponents, the faction led by Martov, thus became known as Mensheviks, ‘Those of the Minority,’ despite being the overall larger faction. This split was not initially seen as either a problem or a permanent division, although it puzzled grassroots socialists in Russia. Almost from the start, the split was over being for or against Lenin, and the politics formed around this. Divisions Expand The Mensheviks argued against Lenin’s centralized, dictatorial party model. Lenin and the Bolsheviks argued for socialism by revolution, while the Mensheviks argued for the pursuit of democratic goals. Lenin wanted socialism to be put in immediate place with only one revolution, but the Mensheviks were willing—indeed, they believed it necessary—to work with middle class/bourgeois groups to create a liberal and capitalist regime in Russia as an early step to a later socialist revolution. Both were involved in the 1905 revolution and the workers council known as the St. Petersburg Soviet, and the Mensheviks tried to work in the resulting Russian Duma. The Bolsheviks only joined later Dumas when Lenin had a change of heart; they also raised funds through overtly criminal acts. The split in the party was made permanent in 1912 by Lenin, who formed his own Bolshevik party. This was particularly small and alienated many former Bolsheviks, but regrew in popularity among ever more radicalized workers who saw the Mensheviks as too safe. The worker’s movements experienced a renaissance in 1912 after the massacre of five hundred miners at a protest on the Lena River, and thousands of strikes involving millions of workers followed. However, when the Bolsheviks opposed World War I and Russian efforts in it, they were made pariahs in the socialist movement, which mostly decided to actually support the war at first! The Revolution of 1917 Both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were active in Russia in the lead up to and events of the February Revolution of 1917. At first, the Bolsheviks supported the Provisional Government and considered merging with the Mensheviks, but then Lenin arrived back from exile and stamped his views firmly on the party. Indeed, while the Bolsheviks were riven by factions, it was Lenin who always won and gave direction. The Mensheviks divided over what to do, and the Bolsheviks—with one clear leader in Lenin—found themselves growing in popularity, aided by Lenin’s positions on peace, bread, and land. They also gained supporters because they remained radical, anti-war, and separate from the ruling coalition which was seen to fail. Bolshevik membership grew from a couple of tens of thousands at the time of the first revolution to over a quarter of a million by October. They gained majorities on key Soviets and were in a position to seize power in October. And yet... there came a crucial moment when a Soviet Congress called for a socialist democracy, and Mensheviks angry at Bolshevik actions got up and walked out, allowing the Bolsheviks to dominate and use the Soviet as a cloak. It was these Bolsheviks who would form the new Russian government and transform into the party which ruled until the end of the Cold War, although it went through several name changes and shed most of the original key revolutionaries. The Mensheviks tried to organize an opposition party, but they were crushed in the early 1920s. Their walkouts doomed them to destruction. Sources and Further Reading Brovkin, Vladimir N. The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.Broido, Vera. Lenin And The Mensheviks: The Persecution Of Socialists Under Bolshevism.  Hallett Carr, Edward. The Bolshevik Revolution, 3 vols. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1985. London: Routledge, 2019.